A Consequentialist Action Is The Moral Worth Of An Act

A consequentialist action is a utilitarian theory. The utilitarian theory is a choice between two acts that can maximize utility for the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people. Utilitarianism is the moral worth of an act. Utilitarian takes the right proportion of utilities to promote happiness and prevent pain. Utilities is the expressed quality of happiness or satisfaction one gets from something (Mossier, 2013). Happiness comes in many levels of preference. However, the downside to utilitarianism is identifying different levels of pleasure. Identifying different levels of pleasure can be counteracted by an irrespective feelings to a moral obligation making the pleasure more desirable (Mills, 2008). Utilitarian is not the agent’s own greatest happiness, but the greatest amount of happiness altogether. One of the most important social roles is conscious gratification in convey what is gendered equality on jobs, in health care, and with educatio n utilizing the utilitarian theory. Acts like changing policies to promote gender equality that utilize skills and knowledge of women for the greatest number of people from the greatest amount of happiness is utilitarianism. Gender equality ought to be about equal justice. Held (n.d) contrasts the history of male and female ethics in an article titled â€Å"Feminist Transformations of Moral Theory.† Held (n.d.) writes, â€Å"but, we can hope to agree on the minimal conditions for justice, for coexistenceShow MoreRelatedPeter Singer: Famine, Affluence, and Morality Essay1399 Words   |  6 Pagesdeontological ethics (DE) mutually maintain that there is a right action that we morally ought to do. However, these normative ethical theories differ in the derivation of what is valued. In the case of human rights, both accounts are supportive of human rights, but for different reasons. Deontological ethics has as its basic thrust, the concept of a duty to do what is right. For one’s actions to be in accordance with DE, those actions must be realized out of a â€Å"notion of right (that) is not derivedRead MoreEssay on Immanuel Kant’s Non- consequentialist Ethical Theory 1369 Words   |  6 Pages1. Introduction According to Immanuel Kant the driving force behind our actions should be dictated by what is inherently good as sole consideration and not be based upon the effects of what such actions may produce such as the case in the consequentialist theory of cause. In this essay Kant’s ethical non-consequentialist theory will be briefly investigated and a comparison drawn between the two different theories in order to establish merit in employment thereof in practice. 2. Kantian Morality CentralRead MoreMoral Issues in Business - Chapter 2 Notes793 Words   |  4 Pagesof Ethics Chapter Summary Points 1. Consequentialist moral theories see the moral rightness or wrongness of actions as a function of their results. If the consequences are sufficiently good, the action is right; if they are sufficiently bad, the action is wrong. However, nonconsequentialist theories see other factors as also relevant to the determination of right and wrong. 2. Egoism is the consequentialist theory that an action is right when it promotes the individual’s bestRead MoreEthical Theories Of Ethical Egoism993 Words   |  4 PagesEthical egoism is a consequentialist normative ethical theory. There are two forms of ethical egoism. The first is individual ethical egoism which states that I should act in ways that are in my own best interest. The second form is universal ethical egoism which states that everyone one should act in their own best interest. In both forms, individuals should only consider others interest to the extent that it benefits their own well-being. The determination of morality is based off whether or notRead MoreKant s The Metaphysic Of Morals845 Words   |  4 PagesPractical Reason in the Moral Law, 127). Kant makes the argument that without good intentions, even if the action itself is morally good, the action has no intrinsic worth. Although he makes a very strong argument, this isn’t accepted by e veryone. In the excerpt Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, Kant presents a profound argument that how right an action is, is determined by intention of the principle that is being acted on. He believes that the outcome of an action is irrelevant because itRead MoreConsequentialist and Non-consequentialist Theories1194 Words   |  5 Pagesof theories, consequentialist and non-consequentialist we are going to see if these theories are accountable for its principles in terms of the standard ethical principles such as truth telling, generosity, misconduct, keeping promises, not offending people, etc. To me not all these theories are not 100% perfect and does not fully account for its principles. Consequentialist: Focuses on the result of an action. The act is considered a good act if the result is good, likewise and act is consideredRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Integrity Objection1336 Words   |  6 Pagesconsequentialism first proposed by Bernard Williams in 1973. It problematizes consequentialist moral philosophy on the grounds that it forces an agent to forfeit their ‘integrity’ – their character and personal values – in order to follow an impartial moral calculus. When an agent performs an action which is morally correct according to a consequentialist calculation, they may experience guilt, sadness, or other negative emotions despite the moral rightness of what they did. Utilitarianism considers such feelingsRead MoreThe Two Shopkeepers- Kantian Ethics and Consequentialism Essay1107 Words   |  5 Pagesin Kant’s Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals is the issued of two shopkeepers. One shopkeeper is honest with his customers in or der to maintain a positive reputation and improve profits. The second one is honest because he thinks it is right and exercises his respect for the moral law. The first shopkeeper is motivated to be honest by the rewards of a positive reputation and profit. The second is motivated by respect for morally right action. Taking these motivations into considerationRead MoreA Summary of Groundworks of the Metaphysics of Morals by Immanuel Kant1290 Words   |  6 Pages------------------------------------------------- Critique of Practical Reason and Groundwork for the Metaphysic of Morals Summary Groundwork for the Metaphysic of Morals, published in 1785, is Kant’s first major work in ethics. Like the Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics, the Groundwork is the short and easy-to-read version of what Kant deals with at greater length and complexity in his Critique. The Critique of Practical Reason, published three years later, contains greater detail than theRead MoreEthical Dilemmas : What Should Jean Do? Essay1551 Words   |  7 Pagesmorality is taken to mean moral judgments, standards and rules of conduct†. An ethical dilemma is a situation in which there is no obvious â€Å"right† or â€Å"wrong† solution. In detailed, an ethical dilemma is a complex situation that often involves an apparent mental conflict between moral imperatives, in which to obey one would result in transgressing another (Shaw, 2014). Applying the definition to Jean’s situation in the case, Jean is facing a mental conflict between two moral imperatives. Whether to

To Thomas Jefferson To Benjamin Banneker Analysis

Article 1 – To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Banneker. 1791 The author of this letter is Benjamin Banneker, a black American born 1731 in Baltimore County, Maryland. Benjamin was a self-taught almanac author, naturalist and farmer born from a free African American woman and his father being a former slave. The letter Benjamin wrote was to Thomas Jefferson, to offer him a gift, an almanac that he painstakingly calculated and wrote by his own hand. In the course of picking up his pen, he claims to have been motivated further to write on â€Å"that State of tyrannical thraldom, and inhuman captivity, to which too many of my brethren are doomed.† Benjamin argues that he finds it strange, that while Jefferson fought for the inalienable born rights†¦show more content†¦Jefferson argues that because of the pains inflicted on slaves, when freed it would most likely result in a racial conflict that would destroy at least one of the parties involved. Further, he views the differences between white and black people as â€Å"fixed in nature†, concluding that â€Å"blacks†¦are inferior to the whites in the endowments both of body and mind.† On these personal observations Jefferson claims that it would not be worthwhile to abolish slavery as he doubts that black people would add culturally, artistically or scientifically to society. It is clear that attempts were made to justify slavery through a perceived biological and cultural superiority of those of white or European decent at the time. Thomas Jefferson’s words were clearly influential as his opinion that emancipation would be too problematic was shared by those involved in the revision, and the motion was cast down. This document made clear the position held by slave owners and law makers. It also elucidated arguments from biological determinism to justify the continued suffering of African American slaves. Perhaps more importantly the document alluded to, perhaps a more poignant dispute to emancipation, that of the potential for social and economic strive. Gun Control – The Stono Rebellion The Stono Rebellion in a slave rebellion in South Carolina on the 9th SeptemberShow MoreRelatedThomas Jefferson Rhetorical Analysis1011 Words   |  5 PagesMy rhetorical analysis is about a free African-American almanac writer, naturalist, and farmer who fought against slavery and who earned the recognition of many high officials of the time, including Thomas Jefferson. As D.L. Chandler pointed out, Benjamin Banneker, wrote to Thomas Jefferson, on August 19, 1791, to condemn the practice of slavery in the United States. Banneker attempted to persuade Thomas Jefferson of his forbearance of slave practices and the fact that he owned slaves yet pronouncedRead MoreBenjamin Banneker Rhetorical Analysis1326 Words   |  6 PagesBanneker Analysis After the Revolutionary War, and while America was still trying to establish itself, it faced many problems in society, including the issue of race and slavery. There were many Americans who viewed blacks as inferior beings who should be confined to a life of slavery. Thomas Jefferson, the father of The Declaration of Independence, was one of those people. In 1791, Benjamin Banneker, a free and educated black man, responded to Jefferson’s work,c Notes on the State of Virginia, which

The Holocaust Free Essays

The Holocaust, defined as a whole burnt sacrifice was a historical conflict between the Nazis and Jews. In a broader perspective, conflict between the Aryan race and all other inferior races. The primary cause of the Holocaust was the Nazi Party’s rise of power. We will write a custom essay sample on The Holocaust or any similar topic only for you Order Now The social science perspectives of psychology, politics and sociology evaluate the factors that lead up to the primary cause of the Holocaust. Analyzing the conflict in the Holocaust helps to understand a current conflict such as the situation of alleged genocide in Darfur. Psychological factors contributed to the primary conflict of the Holocaust. The Nazi Party was a great supporter of anti-Semitism and their new power allowed them to spread the word easily. Nazi leader Hans Frank expressed the hatred in his Jewish Extermination Speech in 1941, â€Å"if the pack of Jews were to survive the war in Europe while we sacrifice the best of our blood for the preservation of Europe, then this war would still be only a partial success. † The people involved in the Nazi Party were very narrow-minded. Without total execution of all Jews, their plan would be considered a failure. The Nazis set a goal that was unreasonable and because of this unreachable goal, the Nazis were driven to almost insanity to kill off any Jew on the street. Although the Nazis had manipulated themselves into anti-Semitism, they still had to convince the people of Germany that total execution of the Jewish people was normal. Adolf Hitler used all kinds of media as anti-Semitic propaganda. Hans Frank had also said, â€Å"I must ask you to remain unmoved by pleas of pity. We must annihilate the Jews wherever we encounter them, in order to maintain the overall mastery of the Reich. † The Nazi Party even produced an anti-Semitic film called The Eternal Jew that bashed the Jews in every way possible. At one point, the film stated, â€Å"Among the animals, rats represent the rudiment of an insidious and underground destruction, just like the Jews among human beings. † The horrific comments said about the Jews in Hitler’s propaganda was enough to turn Germany into a heartless, full-fledged anti-Semitic nation. Hitler was able to manipulate the minds of people and by doing so, he was able to gather enough followers to carry out his anti-Semitic plans. The political events that took place during the times was also a huge factor to the primary cause of the Holocaust. Not long after Hitler was elected as Chancellor of Germany, he decided to change his leadership into a dictatorship. Hitler’s hunger for power was most likely fueled by his want to promote anti-Semitism. Hitler became extremely powerful and used this to his advantage to speak pessimistically against the Jews. Often, his speech would be something along the lines of this, â€Å"We say that the war will not end as the Jews imagine it will, namely, with the uprooting of the Aryans, but the result of this war will be complete annihilation of the Jews. † Hitler’s unlimited power promised him that no obstacle would get in the way of putting his anti-Semitic ideas into action. Soon after, Anti- Semitism became a government policy. The idea of anti-Semitism was taught to children at schools and was widely promoted by several groups. It was reasonable for the people of Germany to dislike the Jews, but making it a government policy was going overboard. If openly sabotaging and torturing the Jewish people was now legal, an event like the Holocaust to follow seemed to be inevitable. Obviously, if the Holocaust had happened, it shows that Hitler was not yet satisfied with the Jewish Problem. In 1939, Hitler came up with The Final Solution of the Jewish Question. The Final Solution stated that all Jews seen on the street was be killed. By making the Final Solution a governmental law, executing Jews seemed less like a crime and more like a necessary action. The absolute power that the Nazi Party had obtained allowed them to enforce political laws without question and eventually, Nazism took over the country of Germany. The sociological differences between the Jews and the Aryan race caused much conflict between the two races and also added to the primary cause of the Holocaust. The Jews were treated as social outcasts way before the Holocaust even happened. Hitler had built on the already existing anti-Semitism and convinced people that Jews were hindering the development of Germany. Jews were often the scapegoats in many of the nation’s problems. Although no one could prove if that was true, the Jews did not seem like they were disrupting the organization of Germany. Hitler was simply playing the blame game to win over pro-Anti-Semitism. In one of his speeches, Hitler had predicted, â€Å"If the international Jewish financers in and outside of Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more in a world war, then the esult will not be the Bolshevizing of the Earth, and thus the victory of Jewry but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe†¦ then we shall see which is stronger, the spirit of international Jewry or the will of Germany. † Once again, Hitler refers to the annihilation of all Jews in Europe. If Jewish businesses are causing the German businesses to diminish, then the only reasonable solution wo uld be to get rid of everyone that was hindering the development of Germany. The Nazi Party had stripped the Jews of natural human rights such as citizenship, property and life. Hitler abused his power to torment the Jews and made it seem normal, humane. The interaction between Jews and non-Jews became more hostile. Non-Jews refused to help Jews because they had the constant fear of getting caught by government officials. To avoid that problem, they decided to shut the Jews into confined ghettos. The negativity became more extreme and eventually, the Nazi Party came to a decision that annihilating every Jew was the best solution for the problem. The current conflict of the genocide in Darfur is similar to the Holocaust in all three social science perspectives. The conflict of Darfur was started when a group of rebels had killed Sudanese soldiers. Similarly, Hitler had ordered genocide of the Jews after Herschel Grynszpan, a Jew killed a German diplomat. The government and Janjaweed militia of Sudan targeted rebel African groups and organized a systematic killing. The government encouraged and supported the actions of the Janjaweed militia. Likewise, a high power party was responsible for the rise of the Holocaust. The Nazis and Sudanese government were both encouraged the wiping out of an inferior people group. Psychologically, the government of Sudan tried to manipulate public opinion with misleading information. They had used propaganda to promote negativity towards the rebel groups of the ‘Sudan Liberation Army’ and the ‘Justice and Equality Movement’. The Nazis had used propaganda to promote negative views of the Jews and most likely, the insight posted on the propaganda was based solely on assumptions. Sociologically, the conflicted areas were heavily guarded by the Sudan Liberation Army and the rebels were mostly confined into small spaces. The guards caused hesitance in humanitarian aid because of the fear of death. Non-Jews were reluctant to help Jews because of the constant fear of getting caught by the Nazi government. The Jews were also confined into ghettos which is similar to the rebel communities that live separate from the rest of Darfur. Both inferior groups were treated as social outcasts. with the similar conditions of the victims and same intentions of the government, many people consider Darfur to be the modern Holocaust. Analyzing a historical and current conflict can help us understand the reasons for any general conflict. History has a theory of repeating itself through time. This is evident because about sixty years after the Holocaust, the conflict of Darfur, a similar conflict happened. In general, the conflict of the Holocaust and Darfur happened because of disagreements and disputes with a group of people that was different than their own. Any conflict contains two of more parties with opposing views that are also not content with the other’s presence. A conflict happens because one is not okay with the actions of another. A disagreement of some sort must be present and there must be a failure to compromise for a conflict to form. The Holocaust was caused by many factors in the social science perspectives of psychology, politics and sociology. Hitler was able to manipulate the minds of many people which caused them to believe in a strong anti-Semitic view. The absolute power of the Nazi party legalized anti-Semitic laws and people of the â€Å"Aryan† race constantly spat on the Jews. Not more than 60 years later, a similar conflict in Darfur happened. Both conflicts were systematic, government sponsored genocides that failed to succeed. By analyzing the historical conflict of the Holocaust and the modern conflict of Darfur, it is easier to understand that the reason for any conflict is the dispute and failure to compromise of two or more parties. Conflicts are always happening but by taking a social science perspective and an analytical approach, a conflict can be broken down to be understood with greater knowledge. How to cite The Holocaust, Essay examples The Holocaust Free Essays string(23) " Jews under his thumb\." The Holocaust was a horrible event that took many lives and disturbed may people and was considered to be one of the cruelest acts ever in history. This was a time after World War I and before World War II began. However, this is not where it all started. We will write a custom essay sample on The Holocaust or any similar topic only for you Order Now It all started on April 20, 1889, when an innocent child was brought into the world, by the name of Adolf Hitler. â€Å"Perhaps in trying to understand Hitler’s psyche, we can come closer to understanding how what it is in ourselves that drives us to embrace such an alien world as the Holocaust represents†. (Ferrell, Donald R.The Un-mourned Wound: Reflections on the Psychology of Adolf Hitler. Journal of Religion and Health, Vol. 34, No. 3 (Fall, 1995), pp. 175-197 Published by: Springer) Adolf Hitler was born in Braunau an Inn to an Australian customs official by the name of Alois Schickelgruber Hitler and his third and very young wife, Klara Poezl. In primary school, Hitler was thought to have a very bright academic future in front of him. He also showed outstanding leadership qualities. All of his pupils respected him and he was well liked. (http://www. jewishvirtuallibrary. org/jsource/Holocaust/hitler. tml) In secondary school, Hitler soon realized he was not at the top of his class and was not liked as well as he was in primary school. The only teacher that he liked was a man by the name of, Leopold Potsch, history major. Potsch was a German Nationalist, among many other. He taught Hitler about the first chancellor of the German Empire, Otto von Bismarch. (http://www. spartacus. schoolnet. co. uk/GERhitler. htm) Otto von Bismarch was President of Prussia in 1862 and deliberately provoked the France-Prussian War and â€Å"as a result was able to obtain Alsace and Lorraine from France.To counteract the danger of Russia and France joining forces against Germany, Chancellor Bismarck formed the Triple Alliance in 1879. † (http://www. spartacus. schoolnet. co. uk/FWWbismarck. htm) Bismarch was one of Hitler’s first early historical heroes. By this time, Hitler had a very bad attitude, was lazy, had an unstable temperament, and was deeply hostile towards his strict father. Hitler told his father that he did not want to be in the civil service, but instead wanted to be an artist. His father did not take this news very well, as a matter of fact, he was furious and as a result they had a falling out.The dispute between the two of them ended when Alois Hitler died in 1903. The family owned their own home and received a very generous pension from the civil service, so they did not struggle. (http://www. jewishvirtuallibrary. org/jsource/Holocaust/hitler. html) Hitler was always very close to his hardworking mother, much closer than he was to his father. At the age of fifteen, he did so badly at his examinations that he was told he would have to repeat the grade. He managed to convince his mother to let him drop out without receiving his secondary education qualification. http://www. jewishvirtuallibrary. org/jsource/Holocaust/hitler. html) When Hitler was eighteen, He inherited some money from his father’s will and moved to Vienna to pursue his dream of becoming an artist. He then, applied to the Vienna Academy of Art and the Vienna School of Architecture. He was rejected by both. Not having the heart to tell his mother, he stayed in Vienna and let her believe he was attending school. (http://www. jewishvirtuallibrary. org/jsource/Holocaust/hitler. html) Hitler’s mother died soon after that when he was just nineteen years old in 1908.She died of cancer. He was so heartbroken over her death that he carried a picture in his pocket of her. It is even said that he had it in his hand when he died in 1945. (http://www. jewishvirtuallibrary. org/jsource/Holocaust/hitler. html) In 1909, Hitler was supposed to register for military services, but he was unwilling to serve for Austria because he despised them. When authorities caught up with him four years later he was rejected due to the fact that he was deemed unfit for combat, to weak, and unable to bear a firearm. (http://www. spartacus. schoolnet. co. uk/GERhitler. tm) A fresh start was provided for Hitler when the First World War started. He wanted to prove that Germany was superior to all other European countries. Hitler volunteered for the German Army, in times of war medical examinations were not as crucial. Hitler claimed that when he heard the news of war: â€Å"I was overcome with impetuous enthusiasm, and falling on my knees, wholeheartedly thanked Heaven that I had been granted the happiness to live at this time†. (http://www. spartacus. schoolnet. co. uk/GERhitler. htm) Hitler liked being in the army. He impressed his commanding officers by volunteering for dangerous missions.It seemed like he liked the fact that he was fighting alongside other people for a common goal. One of his fellow soldiers even said that he was â€Å"odd and peculiar† and that Hitler was a very isolated person and would randomly make negative speeches about the Jews and the Marxists. (Hitler, Adolf. Mein Kampf. Volume one, Chapter five: The world War. http://www. hitler. org/writings/Mein_Kampf/mkv1ch05. html) In October of 1918, there was a mustard gas attack and Hitler was temporarily blinded. By the time he recovered the war was over and he was very disappointed. He stayed very isolated after that.He would refuse to even talk to people at times. (Hitler, Adolf. Mein Kampf. Volume one, Chapter five: The world War. http://www. hitler. org/writings/Mein_Kampf/mkv1ch05. html) After the First World War it was said that â€Å"Germany suffered defeat, humiliation, and great amount of debt. In turn, this paved the way for Adolf Hitler and the Nazi’s†. (Davidson, J. W. , DeLay, B. , Heyrman, C. L. , Lytle, M. H. , Stoff, M. B. (2008) Nation of nations: a narrative of the American republic. Boston, Ma. McGraw-Hill) As it was said, Adolf Hitler had very strong leadership qualities, even as a child.That is when Hitler first realized he wanted to be a leader. At the same time, he wanted to get all Jews under his thumb. You read "The Holocaust" in category "Papers" When the Germans surrendered Hitler blamed a lot of people and a number of groups such as, the socialist, liberalist, but most of all he blamed the Jews. This is when Hitler wrote the book Mein Kampf. It was full of racial rantings and this built the platform for the Nazi army. (http://www. history. com/topics/adolf-hitler/videos) Hitler, himself, designed the Swastika flag in Munich in 1920. He discusses in his book, Mein Kampf, what its origin and meaning were and how each shape and color was selected.Kasher, Steve. The Art of Hitler. October, Vol. 59, (Winter, 1992) pp. 48-85. Published by: The MIT Press â€Å"He has the orator’s instinct for exaggeration and popularization and is without conscience or restraint†. This was said by Hans V. Kaltenborn. (Kaltenborn, Hans V. And Hitler, Adolf. . An Interview with Hitler, August 17, 1932) While reading this interview, a person could understand by then his isolation had remained and even got worse. It was very difficult for this man to even get an interview with Hitler to begin with. By 1933, Hitler became Chancellor of Germany and had plenty of practice throwing rallies against Jews.There were even some historical Jews that attended some of these rallies and cheered for Hitler when he emerged. One woman that attended said, â€Å"I am still appalled that I would do such a thing. (Davis, Martha. Dulicai, Dianne. And Viczian, Ildiko. Hitler’s Movement Signature TDR (1988- ), Vol. 36, No. 2 (summer, 1992), pp. 152-172 Published by: The MIT Press) The Nazi’s that came to power in Germany in January 1933, believed that the Germans were radically superior to all other (including the Jews) were an alien threat to the â€Å"German racial community†. This is when the era of the Holocaust began. The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. †Holocaust† is a word of Greek origin meaning â€Å"sacrifice by fire. † (Dawidowicz, Lucy S. The War Against the Jews, 1933-1945. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1975. http://www. ushmm. org/wlc/en/article. php? ModuleId=10005143) The Jews were not the only ones that were targeted by the Nazis, because of their â€Å"racial inferiority†; there were also the Gypsies (Roma), the disabled, and some of the Slavic people.Others, such as, Communists, socialists, Jehovah’s Witnesses, and Homosexuals were mistreated because of their political, ideological, and behavioral grounds. (http://www. ushmm. org/wlc/en/article. php? ModuleId=10005143) The Jewish population in Europe was over nine million, in 1933. By 1945, the Germans had killed two out of every three European Jews as part of the â€Å"final solution†. Even though Jews were the primary targets for the Nazis, other victims included 200,000 mentally or physically disabled, 200,000 Gypsies, and any German that was living in an institution setting. All these people were murdered in the Euthanasia Program. The so-called â€Å"Euthanasia† program was National Socialist Germany’s first program of mass murder, predating the genocide of European Jewry, which we call the Holocaust. † (Friedlander, Henry. The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995. http://www. ushmm. org/wlc/en/article. php? ModuleId=10005200) The National Socialist government created concentration camps to hold real and imagined political and ideological opponents. More so, in the time before the war, SS and police incarcerated Jews, Gypsies, and others of ethnic and racial hatred in these camps.Hitler wanted to monitor the Jewish population so; the Germans created ghettos, transit camps, and forced labor camps for the Jews during war years. (Dawidowicz, Lucy S. The War Against the Jews, 1933-1945. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1975. http://www. ushmm. org/wlc/en/article. php? ModuleId=10005143) In June 1941, after the invasion of the Soviet Union, Einsatzgruppen (were squads composed primarily of German SS and police personnel) and, later, militarized battalions of Order Police officials, went behind German lines to complete mass-murder operations against Jews, Roma, and Soviet state and Communist Party officials.German SS and police units murdered more than a million Jewish men, women, and children, and hundreds of thousands of others. Between 1941 and 1944, Nazi German authorities deported millions of Jews from Germany, from occupied territories, to ghettos and killing centers. These camps were called extermination camps, were the Jews were murdered in gassing facilities. (http://fcit. usf. edu/HOLOCAUST/TIMELINE/camps. htm) During the final months of World War II, guards moved camp inmates by train or on forced marches (called death marches) in an attempt to stop the liberation of mass quantities of prisoners.These marches continued until May 7, 1945, the day that the German armed forces surrendered to the Allies. World War II ended the next day on May 8 (V-E day) and the Soviet Union announced the end of the war on Mat 9, 1945. (Yahil, Leni. The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932-1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990) Many of the survivors of the Holocaust found shelter in displaced person (DP) camps administered by Allied powers. 700,000 Jews immigrated to Israel, between 1948 and 1951, including 136,000 Jewish displaced persons from Europe. Others immigrated to the United States and other nations.The last DP camp that was opened finally closed in 1957. The unthinkable crimes committed by Hitler during the Holocaust devastated most European Jewish communities and eliminated hundreds of Jewish communities that resided in Eastern Europe. (Yahil, Leni. The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932-1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990) Six million Jews were killed during the span of the Holocaust. Adolf Hitler was responsible for every one of these innocent people’s deaths. If it were not for his racial outlooks on life, many of the people that suffered and perished during the Holocaust would have lived to see another day.The Holocaust was a horrible event that took many lives and disturbed may people and was considered to be one of the cruelest acts ever in history. *note* I probably could have gone on for much longer about the Holocaust and all of the mental and emotional suffering that many Jews went through during said time. However, I did not want to get docked points for making it longer than you originally told us to write. I am very passionate about this subject and really appreciate the opportunity to write about it. Thank you. How to cite The Holocaust, Papers The Holocaust Free Essays He abandoned his father, and he moved on to save his own life (824). We can assume that the son didn’t want to stay behind the troop, there was a big chance he would be shoot by Nazis because too slow to move on. In concentration camps, there is no love, no friendships. We will write a custom essay sample on The Holocaust or any similar topic only for you Order Now Even family cannot trust people, people betray each other for better opportunity to be alive. Blade’s father in-law was cheated by his another son in-law, Haskell. Haskell lied he will help the father in-law to stay with family and took the jewelry from him (Spiegel 1 15). The jewelries would help him to read a bad conditions for living but Haskell put the father in-law to death. Betrays from own people is more painful from the crime that Nazis did to the Jews. After Jews were released from concentration camps, they were still suffering pains and guilt from their terrible experience, even the next generations had bad influence on it. In the book Mass, Ninja felt sorry and guilty for her dead parents and siblings, plus she was a sensitive person so she committed suicide and let her son carried guilt after she passed (Spiegel). It is very lucky and difficult can live through the Holocaust, and Ninja was that lucky survivor, but ridiculously, she could alive under the horrible conditions that Nazis put on her, but she committed suicide after all the pain had passed. The lasting effect on Ninja brought more damage than she went in the concentrating camp. Not only sensitive mother can have that strong lasting effect, but also Bladed that smart father totally changed his personality. When Artist’s friend left him, Bladed didn’t say thing to comfort him, â€Å"Friends? Your friends? † (2). Life after the Holocaust didn’t bring much happiness than before the war. Bladed also became cheap and doubtful. The lasting effect also has on the next generation. Artier is the son of Bladed and Ninja, he was growing up in a very negative condition, he had night mare about the AS will take him away from school and put him in the gas chamber. He even felt guilty because he was not going thought the bas conditions with his parents. All the terrible stories and incidents put him in the guilty to his parents. The lasting effects are tearing family apart. In conclusion, Nazis’ discrimination started this horrific event, Jews hurt each other to survive urine the Holocaust, and all the bad experiences brought huge lasting effects. Nazis forced Jews to hide in anywhere they can and living like rats. They stuffed Jews like animals in the carriage without food and water. Brutal killing by Nazis proved the fact that Jews were not humans in Nazis’ eyes. During the Holocaust, even family can betray each other, Rabbi’s son could gave up on his father when he was only getting weaker. The holocaust’s lasting effect still can kill people. Ninja suicide because she was not able to bear the loss of her parents and siblings. Bladed treated his son impatiently and suspicious his wife. How to cite The Holocaust, Papers

Hairball Essay Example For Students

Hairball Essay A solitary woman sits in conversation with a benign tumour that had just recently been removed from her ovary. As the woman speaks, the inanimate tumour, which she has named Hairball, looks on from its glass encased perch atop the fireplace. The scene is macabre and certainly unusual, but such is the life of Kat, the main character in Margaret Atwood’s short story, Hairball. Kat’s life is filled with the unusual and the shocking, a lifestyle that has been self-imposed. Throughout the years, Kat, an avant garde fashion photographer, has altered her image, even her name, to suit the circumstances and the era. Over time Kat has fashioned a seemingly strong and impenetrable exterior, but as Kat’s life begins to disintegrate we discover that the strong exterior is just a facade devised to protect a weak and fragile interior. Kat’s facade begins to unravel and she undergoes significant personal losses; in fact, the losses go so far as to include her identity or lack there of. As Kat begins to lose control, her mental and physical disintegration is hastened by three major conflicts: The conflict with the society in which she lives, the conflict with her romantic interests (specifically Ger), and finally the physical conflict she faces with her own body. In the end, these conflicts will threaten to strip Kat of her lifestyle as well as her name. From the beginning of Kat’s life, she was at odds with her environment. When she was a child, she was Katherine, a doll like representation of what her mother wanted her to be. As a teenager she was Kathy, a representation of what she believed others wanted, â€Å"a bouncy, round-faced girl with gleaming freshly washed hair and enviable teeth, eager to please and no more interesting than a health-food ad.† By the time she reached University she was the not-so-eager to please Kath, â€Å"blunt and no-bull*censored* in her Take-Back-the-Night jeans and checked shirt and her bricklayer style striped-denim peaked hat† (pp.16). Finally, when she found her way to England, she became Kat, â€Å"the name Kat was economical, street-feline, and pointed as a nail.† The short, hard name was a reflection of her hard demeanor. Kat constantly tried to separate herself from the commonality of her environment. When she was told that her tumor was fairly common her reply wa s that, â€Å"She would have preferred uniqueness.† Kat wanted to stand out; she did not want to be another â€Å"Clarissa, Meliassa or Penelope,† but she understood that conformity, to the values of her society, would be a requirement if she wanted to succeed in her personal and professional life. With this in mind, Kat chose to integrate those values into her own personal approach. She’d shaved off most of her hair, worked on the drop-dead stare, perfected a certain turn of the neck that conveyed an aloof inner authority. What you had to you had to make them believe was that you knew something they didn’t know yet. (p.17)As the conflict between Kat and her society, she finds herself losing the fight. Despite accolades she received while working on the razor’s edge, Kat’s life is less than successful. Her relationships with competitive men and left her broken and hurt. â€Å"Twice she had abortions, because the men in question were not up for the alternative† (pp.17). Kat’s choice to â€Å"Rambo† through her life left her scarred emotionally and physically. Having spent herself in London, Kat was ready for a change. When a man named Gerald came calling from Toronto, Kat saw the opportunity for change and grabbed it. When Gerald showed up in London offering Kat an attractive job and salary, she found it hard to resist. When Kat arrived back in Toronto and began working with Gerald, she found him hard to resist. The fact that Kat and Gerald were polar opposites appealed to Kat. She saw Gerald as a fresh canvass on which she could fashion her own masterpiece. Kat began by seducing Gerald in his office. She continued by rearranging Gerald’s tastes for clothes and hair style; she even went so far as to change his name to Ger. In the end she had succeeded in turning Ger into the man she wanted him to be, or so she thought. .u71807963deb68cc21a78dbb6a2eea1ac , .u71807963deb68cc21a78dbb6a2eea1ac .postImageUrl , .u71807963deb68cc21a78dbb6a2eea1ac .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u71807963deb68cc21a78dbb6a2eea1ac , .u71807963deb68cc21a78dbb6a2eea1ac:hover , .u71807963deb68cc21a78dbb6a2eea1ac:visited , .u71807963deb68cc21a78dbb6a2eea1ac:active { border:0!important; } .u71807963deb68cc21a78dbb6a2eea1ac .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u71807963deb68cc21a78dbb6a2eea1ac { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u71807963deb68cc21a78dbb6a2eea1ac:active , .u71807963deb68cc21a78dbb6a2eea1ac:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u71807963deb68cc21a78dbb6a2eea1ac .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u71807963deb68cc21a78dbb6a2eea1ac .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u71807963deb68cc21a78dbb6a2eea1ac .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u71807963deb68cc21a78dbb6a2eea1ac .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u71807963deb68cc21a78dbb6a2eea1ac:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u71807963deb68cc21a78dbb6a2eea1ac .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u71807963deb68cc21a78dbb6a2eea1ac .u71807963deb68cc21a78dbb6a2eea1ac-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u71807963deb68cc21a78dbb6a2eea1ac:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: AfroAmer EssayHe’s a money man who lusted after art, and now he’s got some, now he is some. Body art. Her art. She’s done her job well; he’s finally sexy. (p.21)As time went on it became apparent that Ger was losing interest. The more Ger became like Kat, the less interest he took in her. It seems that Kat had forgotten what she had known in London. Kat had known better than to â€Å"betray her desire,† but it was obvious that she had betrayed it to Ger. Ger follow suit by betraying Kat as well. After Kat’s surgery for the tumor, Ger comes to visit. When he arrives Kat can’t help but notice his aloofness. Ger makes small tal k but leaves rather quickly. Kat immediately notices a change in their relationship. She thinks it is Ger who has lost his attractiveness, that their relationship has become old and antiquated. Kat surmises,He’s no longer fully rewarding. They’ve learned each other too well, they take short-cuts now; their time together has shrunk from whole stolen rolling and sensuous afternoons to a few hours snatched between work and dinner-time. (pp.20)It is at this time that Kat also realizes that something is not right at work. The phone calls for her input have been few and far between since she checked into the hospital. Kat begins to wonder if her job is in jeopardy. In a fit of panic Kat rushes to work to inspect her hunch. When she arrives at work her worst fears are realized. Ger breaks the news to Kat that she has been fired. Although this news is devastating, it pales in comparison to the news that her replacement is none other than Ger him self. Kat realizes that her cre ation, Ger, has become Frankenstein’s Monster. She muses, â€Å"Naturally. Betrayal. The monster has turned on its own mad scientist† (pp. 21). Back in her apartment Kat realizes that all along it has been Ger and life with that she has been longing after. She understands that the Ger she had created killed the Gerald that she was initially attracted to. Only as Kat’s conflict with Ger comes to the apex does she realize the conflict within herself. As Kat stares at hairball she understands that her life’s struggles have been in vain. Kat comes face to face with the realization that, while Ramboing her way through life, she has missed her opportunity for happiness. Kat has squandered away her life with empty relationships and fruitless jobs. Kat wants the house with the white picket fence, the 2.5 children and the dog but understands none of those are in the foreseeable future. What Kat does see is Hairball, the â€Å"warped child† of her relationship with Ger. The tumor is not only symbolic of Kat’s relationship with Ger but also of her relationship with herself. The physical abuse her body has taken because of Kat’s lifestyle, including the abortions, has now become manifest in Hairball. Kat’s lack of foresight has caused the destruction of her mental and physical well being. Eventually, Hairball becomes the vehicle for the ultimate bizarre act reflecting Kats personality disintegration. She has gone from Katherine, to Kath, to Kat to being â€Å"temporarily without a name.†The journey that Kat takes through the story, from a person defined by others to a person without definition, is somewhat of a birth in reverse. In the story the character of Kat is defined by the conflicts she faces and her inability to adequately deal with them. The more Kat attempts to find herself within the parameters of her society, work and relationships, the more she becomes lost. It is the conflicts that bring Kat to a moment of clarity as she is left broken and abandoned. It is in this state that Kat is able to lose her name and begin to reconstruct herself apart from the influences of others. Without a name Kat is now the blank canvass onto which she hopes to paint her final masterpiece. .u9cf68ad0b99e10d534c7ed9da526d4bc , .u9cf68ad0b99e10d534c7ed9da526d4bc .postImageUrl , .u9cf68ad0b99e10d534c7ed9da526d4bc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9cf68ad0b99e10d534c7ed9da526d4bc , .u9cf68ad0b99e10d534c7ed9da526d4bc:hover , .u9cf68ad0b99e10d534c7ed9da526d4bc:visited , .u9cf68ad0b99e10d534c7ed9da526d4bc:active { border:0!important; } .u9cf68ad0b99e10d534c7ed9da526d4bc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9cf68ad0b99e10d534c7ed9da526d4bc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9cf68ad0b99e10d534c7ed9da526d4bc:active , .u9cf68ad0b99e10d534c7ed9da526d4bc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9cf68ad0b99e10d534c7ed9da526d4bc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9cf68ad0b99e10d534c7ed9da526d4bc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9cf68ad0b99e10d534c7ed9da526d4bc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9cf68ad0b99e10d534c7ed9da526d4bc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9cf68ad0b99e10d534c7ed9da526d4bc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9cf68ad0b99e10d534c7ed9da526d4bc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9cf68ad0b99e10d534c7ed9da526d4bc .u9cf68ad0b99e10d534c7ed9da526d4bc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9cf68ad0b99e10d534c7ed9da526d4bc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Describe the adaptations of the human placenta and foetus to improve oxygen availability Essay Bibliography:

The Women who made their marks in the History of Space Travel Essay Example

The Women who made their marks in the History of Space Travel Essay Space travel indeed is the utmost adventure ever to ignite the interest of the human race to explore the unknown.   It is their chance to explore the moon, the planets, the stars and beyond.   Giant rockets lift off with roaring blast of orange flame.   They reach for the blue skies and leave a trail of white line.   They are headed into space where the vast skies above them are all black.   The only light that shines are that of the guiding stars which look down upon them. Astronauts and cosmonauts gamble their lives in the look out for information about the earth, moon, planets, stars and the effects of weightlessness on human beings and other living things.   The National Aeronautics and Space Administration or NASA chooses two kinds of astronauts for space flights – pilot astronauts and mission specialists.   Pilot astronauts command and control spacecraft.   Mission specialists take care of the spacecraft and its equipment, conducts tests, puts into orbit the satellites and carries out the other activities (Hamilton, 2001). The space shuttle was the first manned spacecraft intended to be reusable.   It allows space flights to be scheduled on a routine basis.   On a typical mission, the shuttle rockets into space with its crew, remains in orbit for about a week, and then lands on the earth like an airplane.   It can be ready for another flight in about four weeks (Imaginova Corporation, 2008). (Photo of a space shuttle. KTB, â€Å"Space Shuttle,† 2008) We will write a custom essay sample on The Women who made their marks in the History of Space Travel specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Women who made their marks in the History of Space Travel specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Women who made their marks in the History of Space Travel specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The space shuttles were designed to carry artificial satellites, space probes, and other heavy loads into orbit around the earth.   Other spacecraft can launch such objects, but only the space shuttle can be reused.   Each shuttle was intended to be used more then 100 times.   In addition to launch operations, the shuttles can recover artificial satellites that need repair.   Satellites that cannot be repaired in space can be brought back to the Earth and then sends – off again after they are serviced.   The shuttle also could permit astronauts to create and maintain manned space stations and solar power stations in earth orbit (Imaginova Corporation, 2008). The first woman in space, cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova, made 45 revolutions around the earth in 1963.   Twenty years later, astronaut Sally K. Ride became the first American woman in space.   In June 1983, Ride orbited the earth with four other crew members on a six – day mission aboard the space shuttle Challenger (Hamilton, 2001). During the early years of the space age, success in space became a measure of a country’s leadership in science, engineering and national defense.   As a result, the United States and the Soviet Union competed with one another in developing their space programs.   Each of them, for example, sought to build better rockets and spacecrafts than the other in order to reach the moon initially (Hamilton, 2001). Many people tried to compare the space accomplishments of the United States and the Soviet Union to see which country was â€Å"ahead.†Ã‚   But differences in the two space programs made comparisons difficult.   In the early 1960’s, the Soviet Union had powerful rockets that could launch heavy spacecraft on long flights.   But the United States led in the number of scientific spacecraft that it had launched, and in such fields as communication and weather – reporting by satellite (Hamilton, 2001). By the early 1970’s, U.S. astronauts had landed on the moon.   Unmanned Soviet spacecraft had explored the moon and brought soil samples to the earth.   Manned exploration of the moon by the United States ended in 1972.   Both countries experimented with manned space stations that orbited the earth.   Nevertheless, both nations began to realize that they could benefit from working together on selected scientific projects (Hamilton, 2001). Geraldyn â€Å"Jerrie† M. Cobb Geraldyn Cobb did not wait too long to earn her achievements.   Starting young, she already been receiving recognitions for the things people her age or even older can only dream to have accomplished.   While kids her age were kept busy by concerns regarding school and the adolescent life, they young Jerrie is set to leave her mark in history (About.com, 2008). (Photo of astronaut Geraldyn Cobb. Womenfly, â€Å"Jerrie Cobb,† 2008) Aboard the backseat of the 1936 model open – cockpit Waco biplane piloted by Lieutenant Colonel William H. Cobb, his daughter, Jerrie, then just 12 years of age was launched into her maiden flight.   At the tender age of 16, Jerrie received her license as a private pilot from the Oklahoma City Classen High School.   Her license as a commercial pilot on the other hand was bestowed upon her when she turned eighteen.   Not so long after, she has also earned her Flight Instructor Rating among other accomplishments (About.com, 2008). Cobb’s romance with a co – pilot met its tragic conclusion after his airplane blasted over the depths of the Pacific.   Theirs was a romance that lasted for only about three years.   Nonetheless, Cobb’s career as a commercial pilot made it possible for her to establish various world records of altitude and speed.   She made history aboard the airplanes constructed by the Aero Design and Engineering Company.   The Oklahoma – based company dubbed their airplanes as the Aero Commanders (About.com, 2008). Wally Funk (Photo of astronaut Wally Funk. Heroines in Aviation, â€Å"Photo of Wally Funk,† 2008) The year was 1961 when Toas, New Mexico’s Wally Funk was lined up together with 12 other women to join the â€Å"Women in Space† program.   The women came to be called the Mercury 13.   Unfortunately, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration cancelled the program at the latter part of the same year.   Two years after the sad plight of the Mercury 13 women, cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova of the Soviet Union flew into space.   Nevertheless, the women of the United States did not lose heart to fulfill their dreams of flying into space.   It took several years for this dream to be realized.   Come the year 1983 when astronaut Sally Ride made history by tearing down the barrier that denied access for women to explore the universe.   This was the sex barrier that hindered Funk and the rest of the American women of their supposed maiden voyage into space.   Ride flew into space via the Challenger STS – 7 to fulfill the mission and dream she shar es with Funk and company (Burbank, 2003). Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova (Photo of cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkva. BHTimes, â€Å"Valentina Tereshkova,† 2008) The Vostok was the first manned spacecraft of the Soviet Union.   From the year 1961 until 1963, there has been a total of six Vostok spacecrafts that took off into space.   Each of these six vehicles carried one cosmonaut per voyage.   This spacecraft were designed to perfect the technology of spacecraft and also to examine the reactions of the human being to space exploration (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2006). The first woman ever to set her foot into space was a cosmonaut by the name of Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova.   The Soviet Union’s Tereshkova flew into space via the Vostok 6 that went into orbit on the sixteenth day of June in the year 1963.   Her flight lasted almost three whole days.   In this voyage, Tereshkova did not just earned pride for her country but represented the women from the rest of the globe proving that women can do what other’s believe can only made possible by the male of species.   For a woman who holds no experience in pilot testing, Tereshkova making history is really astounding.   Aboard the Vostok V1, Tereshkova was able to revolve around the earth for 45 times.   Another space flight that carried Vallery F. Bykovsky, also a Soviet cosmonaut was in orbit at the same time as Tereshkova.   Bykovsky was launched two days earlier than Terehskova.   He took off into space for a 70 – hour and 50 – minute space flight that begun on the sixteenth day until the nineteenth day of June in the year 1963.   An approximate distance of 3 miles separated the vechiles carrying Bykovsky and Tereshkova during the mission.   The dual mission was carried out for the purpose of concurrently observing the reactions of a man and woman soaring in space, as the Soviet officials would have it (Wade, 2007; National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2006). Tereshkova made a single orbit around the earth for every 88 minutes during the mission that changed the history of space travel.   The highest point in the orbit refereed to as the apogee lifted Tereshkova at approximately 130 above the earth.   On the other hand, she was about 108 above the earth at the perigee or the lowest point in orbit.   The spacecraft that made a it possible for Tereshkova to fulfill her historical mission was maneuver by manual controls (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2006). Sally Kristen Ride Sally Kristen Ride aboard the STS – 7, which took off to explore the space on the eighteenth day until the twenty – fourth day of June in the year 1983 became the first American woman to reach the space.   The STS – 7 was the seventh space shuttle mission launched by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.   This exploration placed Ride among the top three women to reach the space joining the ranks of the Soviet Union’s Valentina Tereshkova and Svetlana Savitskaya.   Tereshkova landed into space aboard the Vostok 6 while Savitskaya’s voyage into space happened on the nineteenth day of August in the year 1982 aboard the Soyuz T –7 (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2006). Sally Kristen Ride was a United States astronaut who became the first American woman to travel in space.   In June 1983, she and astronaut Robert L. Crippen, John M. Fabian, Frederick H. Hauck and Norman E. Thagard made a six – day flight on the space shuttle Challenger (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2006). (Photo of astronaut Sally Ride. ASU, â€Å"Sally Ride Science Festival,† 2008) During the mission, Ride and Fabian launched communication satellites for the Canadian and Indonesian governments and conducted experiments involving the production of pharmaceuticals.   In addition, they tested the shuttle’s remote manipulator arm.   They used the arm to release a satellite and then retrieve it and place it in the shuttle’s cargo area (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2006). Ride made her second shuttle flight in October 1984.   On this mission, she used the remote manipulator arm to launch a satellite designed to measure the sun’s effect on the earth’s weather (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2006). On January 28, 1986, Challenger exploded shortly after take – off, killing all seven members of its crew.   In February, Ride was appointed to the presidential commission that was established to investigate the accident (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2006). Kathryn â€Å"Kathy† Sullivan Kathryn Sullivan made history on the eleventh day of October in the year 1984 by being the first American woman to take part in an Extra – Vehicular Activity or EVA aboard the STS – 41 – G (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2006). (Photo of astronaut Kathryn Sullivan. NASA, â€Å"Kathryn Sullivan,† 2008) Shannon Lucid (Photo of astronaut Shannon Lucid. NASA, â€Å"Shannon Lucid,† 2008) Born in China on the fourteenth day of January in the year 1943 was Shannon Lucid who would later leave her mark in the history of space travel being as the woman who carrying the world record for the most amount of time consumed in space.   As an American astronaut, Lucid logged over 223 days in space aboard flights that amounted to a total of five throughout her career.   The year was 1985 when she first took off to space via the STS – 51 G.   This space flight set up three satellites.   This maiden flight of Lucid was followed in the year 1989 via the STS – 34 this time around.   The STS – 34 set up the spacecraft named Gallileo.   The aforementioned spacecraft set off to discover the mysteries of the planet Jupiter (Windows to Universe, 2000). Mae C. Jemison (Photo of astronaut and doctor Mae Jemison. Britannica.com, â€Å"Mae Jemison,† 2008) It was on the twelfth day of September in the year 1992 when the first African – American woman made her way to explore the universe.   Mae Jemison, an astronaut and a doctor was launched into space via the Endeavor space shuttle.   She made history being the first woman of color to be able to set her sights and actually realize of venturing the unknown world beyond the Earth (NASA Quest, 2008). As a science and mission specialist aboard the STS – 47 Spacelab J, Dr. Jemison was set for yet another space exploration.   The set mission is a collaboration of two nations specifically the U.S. and Japan.   It was a mission that lasted for about 8 days.   It was able to make 127 successful revolutions around the Earth.   The spacecraft carried with it a total of 44 resources processing and life science paraphernalia from both countries.   Jemison was tasked to be the co – investigate the bone cell research test during the voyage.   The Endeavor took off and landed back at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida with the rest of its crew all safe and sound.   In her maiden flight, Dr. Jemison was able to register a total of 190 hours and 30 minutes of time spent in space (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1993). She is dedicated in making sure that the people of the United States, regardless on sex, race and ethnic diversity are very well represented especially in the science and technology fields of study.   Dr. Jemison support all people particularly the women and those who belong to the cultural minority to chase their preferred careers at all costs (NASA Quest, 2008). Being a promoter of science and technology that she is, Dr. Jemison is working on enhancing the reputation being projected by the scientists.   She proposes something fresh and revolutionary to the scientific field: a mixture of both the hard and social sciences.   In the scientific world that we are in today, it is necessary that the scientist is aware, alarmed and active not just within his field but also in the society where he belongs.   Moreover, it is of significant importance that the people have a tight grasp of how the sciences and the technological advancements it brings with it are able to impact the world they live in.   The Jemison Group, Inc. which she founded exists to explore, build on and execute sophisticated technologies tailor made to fit perfectly into the overall framework of a person particularly the progressing world encompassing the economic, social, cultural and political respects all together (NASA Quest, 200). Judith Arlene Resnik (Photo of astronaut Judy Resnik. Space Facts, â€Å"Judy Resnik,† 2008) January 28, 1986 was one fateful date in all of space history.   It was when tragedy struck the shuttle mission’s 25th manned flight as the Challenger space shuttle exploded shortly after its liftoff.   This unfortunate event caused the suspension of the space shuttle fleets scheduled prior to the accident.   It has also forced the engineers to do a major redesign of the different components of the spacecraft.   The launch of the Discovery on the 29th day of September in the year 1988 marked the successful resumption of the space shuttle program (Time Inc., 2008). (Photo of astronaut Judith Resnik. Space Facts, â€Å"Judith Resnik,† 2008) Judith Arlene Resnik perhaps was the most stanch and indomitable astronaut, man or woman ever to come into uniform in the history of space exploration.   The year was 1994 when doctor and astronaut Resnik took off to her maiden flight to space via the space shuttle Discovery.   As the mission specialist for the said voyage, she was tasked to work on the remote – control arm of the spaceship.   Her task also included the examinations of the solar power by means of a solar sail measuring at about 102 feet in height (Time Inc., 2008). It was aboard the STS 41 – D that Resnik made her maiden voyage as a mission specialist.   The spacecraft was lifted off to space on the thirtieth day of August in the year 1984 at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, United States of America.   It carried the crew on a mission that lasted for seven days.   During the mission, the OAST – 1 solar cell wing test was successfully set into motion.   STS 41 – D’s mission to space also set up three satellites namely the TELSTAR 3 – C, SBS – D and the SYNCOM IV – 2.   In addition, it activated the CFES – III project, the undergraduate crystal growth project and the cinematography tests utilizing the motion picture camera called the IMAX.  Ã‚   The STS 41 – D was dubbed as the â€Å"Icebusters† since they proved to be a success in eliminating the orbiter off the harmful ice particles utilizing the remote manipulator system.   The spacecraft was able to make 9 6 successful revolutions around the Earth before heading back on the fifth day of September in the year 1984 at the Edwards Air Force Base in California.   Throughout the course of her career, Resnik was able to register a total of 144 hours and 57 minutes of time spent in space (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2003). Resnik’s initial mission as an astronaut and a mission specialist was aboard the orbiter Discovery.   She took off into via the spacecraft that made a total of 96 revolutions around the Earth.   It was her first outer space exploration.   The Discovery mission made it possible for Resnik to be the second U.S. woman in space following the lead of Sally Ride (The Astronuats Memorial Foundation, 2007). At yet another chance to set off for space, luck was not anymore on Resnik’s side.   As the Challenger STS 51 –L exploded just a minute and thirteen seconds following its lift off.   Resnik met the face of death on the twenty – eight day of January in the year 1986.   All of 36 years old, she made the supreme sacrifice and while she breathed her last while in the service of the country and the shuttle program doing what she does best (The Astronauts Memorial Foundation, 2007). Among other assignments, she was meant to aid in capturing the Halley’s comment in photo.   At the time of her death, a ring and a locket in the shape of a heart was seen by her side.   The two items was believed to be for her nephew and niece.   For a Judy Resnik, peril is just about another unfamiliar ground that must be sought and mastered.   Just like the rest of the Jews who came before her, Judith â€Å"Judy† Resnik will live in the legacy as one of those who attempted and successfully contributed to the advancement of their country.   Her life is but a significant reminder of the noble deed she dared to deliver even at her own expense (Brody, 2008). Eileen Marie Collins United States of America Force Lieutenant Eileen Marie Collins carries one too many firsts under her belt.   Collins was the first woman chosen to pilot a space shuttle.   Also, as if luck never left her side, Collins was able to make another history by being the first woman commander of a space shuttle (NASA Quest, 2007). (Photo of astronaut Eileen Collins. Embassy of France in the US, â€Å"Eileen Collins,† 2008) Hopes were on high for a space shuttle to fulfill the mission that was formerly placed under the shoulders of the fateful Columbia mission.   The tragedy put an end to the lives of all of seven of its crew aboard Columbia.   Collins was tasked to be the space shuttle commander that took off of to be the first space shuttle following the tragedy of the 2003 Columbia mission.   Collins’ voyage was thought out to signal to the potential of manned space explorations.   For the concentration of the mission was to investigate the latest protective procedures and repair measures.   The crowd cannot help but give out a breath of relief when they witnessed the successful flight back to Earth of the seven person crew aboard the shuttle on the tenth day of August in the year 2005, carrying Collins as one of them   (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2006). Collins’ career marked several first not just for herself alone.   Her achievements left significant milestone throughout the space travel history as a whole.   The year was 1995 when she obtained the controls of the Discovery setting for herself and for the women the world over a record as the first space shuttle pilot.   The space shuttle by definition is a manned spacecraft at short operations utilized to carry crews and equipment into orbit to deliver a certain function.   The Discovery launched in the year 1995 carried with itself the task to recover an astronomy satellite.   Such satellite is a device that travels around in space and transmits lucid cosmological images back to the Earth for purposes of examination (Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2006). The historical mission of Collins the lasted for eight days of February in the year 1995 catapulted her mark in not just the space travel but in the American women’s history as well.  Ã‚   Her Discovery mission incorporated the maiden tryst with the Mir.   The Mir, which means â€Å"peace,† is the Soviet Union’s space station.   It was a mission as Collins put it that mark the initial baby leaps into the global space collaboration of the two nations who initially raced to discover the world beyond the Earth (National Women’s Hall of Fame, 2008). Aboard the STS – 93 which was the first space shuttle commanded by a woman, Collins took off to space on this voyage from the twenty – third day until the twenty – seventh day of July in the year 1999.   The STS – 114 that launched into space on the twenty sixth day of July in the year 2005 also had Collins as its commander.   Piloting the STS – 63, the first space shuttle led by a woman took her for a space exploration from the third day until the eleventh day of February in the year 1995.   She piloted back to the earth aboard the STS – 84 (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2006). Humanity has always wanted to explore the vast horizon.   It must be a dictate of human nature to investigate the mysteries of the world and beyond. Many people believe that space exploration is a must simply because we are equipped to examine what is out there.   Flight to space has begun a long time ago and it is not headed towards an end anytime soon.   For the scientists who share humanity’s thirst and fascination for space discovery continue to seek and find the answers to the inquiries that haunt the human mind about the secrets of the universe.   They find ways to know more about the planets other than the earth as well as all the other things that exists out there.   It is an attempt to conquer the place beyond the blinding horizon into the other worlds.   It is but a challenge to human excellence and expertise as they put all efforts and even their own lives at stake to give meaning to the uncertainties of the universe at large and to know if the human rac e is not alone in the greater scheme of the cosmos. References About.com. (2008). Womens History. Retrieved March 18, 2008, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://womenshistory.about.com/library/pic/bl_p_astronauts_women.htm. Brody, S. The American – Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. (2008). Judith Resnik. Retrieved March 21, 2008, from http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Resnik.html. Burbank, S. National Geographic. (2003). Mercury 13s Wally Funk Fights for Her Place in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Space. Retrieved March 19, 2008, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/07/0709_030709_tvspacewoman.html Encyclopedia of World Biography. (2006). Eileen Collins Biography. Retrieved March 21, 2008, from http://www.notablebiographies.com/news/Ca-Ge/Collins-Eileen.html Hamilton, C.J. (2001). Space History Introduction. Retrieved March 22, 2008, from http://www.solarviews.com/eng/histintr.htm. Imaginova Corpotaion. (2008). All About the Space Shuttle. Retrieved March 22, 2008, from http://www.space.com/space-shuttle/. NASA Quest. (2007). Dr. Mae Jemison. Retrieved March 21, 2008, from http://quest.nasa.gov/women/TODTWD/jemison.bio.html. NASA Quest. (2007). Eileen Collins. Retrieved March 21, 2008, from http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/people/bios/women/ec.html. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (1993). Biographical Data. Retrieved March    19, 2008, from http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/jemison-mc.html. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (2003). Biographical Data. Retrieved March    19, 2008, from http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/resnik.html. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (2006). Women in Space. Retrieved March   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   18, 2008, fromhttp://history.nasa.gov/women.html. National Women’s Hall of Fame. (2008). Eileen Collins. Retrieved March 21, 2008, from http://womenshalloffame.org/women.php?action=viewoneid=41. The Astronauts Memorial Foundation. (2007). Judith A. Resnik. Retrieved March 21, 2008, from http://www.amfcse.org/honor/resnik.htm. Time Inc. (2008). Judith Resnik 1949 – 1986. Retrieved March 21, 2008, from http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,960603,00.html. Wade, M. (2007). Encyclopedia Astronautica. Byvoksky. Retrieved March 22, 2008, from http://www.astronautix.com/astros/bykovsky.htm. Women in Aviation International. (2008). Women in Aviations 100 most influential women in   Ã‚  Ã‚   the aviation and aerospace industry. Retrieved March 18, 2008, from,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.wai.org/resources/100womenscript.cfm. Windows to the Universe. (2000). Shannon Lucid. Retrieved March 19, 2008, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/people/astronauts/lucid.html. Pictures 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Space. Smileland.com. (2008). Retrieved March 22, 2008, from http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.slimeland.com/images/pictures/SpaceBowling.jpgimgrefurl=http://www.slimeland.com/images/h=700w=1400sz=185hl=enstart=3tbnid=OwkhKc2wuFRuxM:tbnh=75tbnw=150prev=/images%3Fq%3Dspace%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Space Shuttle. KTB. (2008). Retrieved March 22, 2008, from http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ktb.net/~billmeco/STS114SpacePage.jpgimgrefurl=http://www.ktb.net/~billmeco/space.htmlh=381w=575sz=54hl=enstart=6tbnid=BjxD5hRQmsnKQM:tbnh=89tbnw=134prev=/images%3Fq%3Dspace%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jerrie Cobb. Womenfly. (2007). Retrieved March 22, 2008, from http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.womenfly.com/khxc/media/ccp0/prodsm/Jerrie2007sm.jpgimgrefurl=http://womenfly.com/khxc/ccp0-catshow/Aviators.htmlh=100w=100sz=4hl=enstart=38tbnid=41Jh7m1m_usQMM:tbnh=82tbnw=82prev=/images%3Fq%3Djerrie%2Bcobb%26start%3D20%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Photo of Wally Funk. Heroines in Aviation. (2008). Retrieved March 22, 2008, from http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.webswithwings.com/wcc/heroines/photos/wally.jpgimgrefurl=http://www.webswithwings.com/wcc/heroines/wally.htmlh=335w=291sz=19hl=enstart=3tbnid=oU20iamiRuv7jM:tbnh=119tbnw=103prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwally%2Bfunk%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Valentina Tereshkova. BHTimes. (2007). Retrieved March 22, 2008, from http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/e/e4/250px-Tereshkova_L,0.jpgimgrefurl=http://bhtimes.blogspot.com/2007_03_09_archive.htmlh=265w=249sz=56hl=enstart=6tbnid=Zz7Sw_OARzMATM:tbnh=112tbnw=105prev=/images%3Fq%3Dvalentina%2Btereshkova%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sally Ride Science Festival. Arizona State University. (2007). Retrieved March 22, 2008, from http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.asu.edu/news/stories/200702/images/20070220_wendylawrence.jpgimgrefurl=http://www.asu.edu/news/stories/200702/20070220_sallyride.htmh=376w=300sz=31hl=enstart=13tbnid=i0x4d2lFnbgGxM:tbnh=122tbnw=97prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsally%2Bride%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kathryn Sullivan. NASA. (2008). Retrieved March 22, 2008, from http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.pd.astro.it/othersites/sc/Images/StarChild/space_level2/kathryn_sullivan_big.gifimgrefurl=http://www.pd.astro.it/othersites/sc/starchild/space_level2/kathryn_sullivan.htmlh=480w=396sz=124hl=enstart=1tbnid=s2E8ma7rVCB0MM:tbnh=129tbnw=106prev=/images%3Fq%3Dkathryn%2Bsullivan%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den. 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shannon Lucid. NASA. (2008). Retrieved March 22, 2008, from http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/newsletter/html_Mir/images/lucid.jpgimgrefurl=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/newsletter/html_Mir/earth_science.htmh=362w=387sz=52hl=enstart=10tbnid=WIyHGHNEpcMIEM:tbnh=115tbnw=123prev=/images%3Fq%3Dshannon%2Blucid%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den. 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mae Jemison. Britannica.com. (2008). Retrieved March 22, 2008, from http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://updatecenter.britannica.com/eb/image%3FbinaryId%3D93242%26rendTypeId%3D4imgrefurl=http://updatecenter.britannica.com/art%3FassemblyId%3D87408%26type%3DAh=450w=475sz=59hl=enstart=2tbnid=hyvN8voGIJ6RQM:tbnh=122tbnw=129prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmae%2Bjemison%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den. 10.   Judith Resnik. Space Facts. (2008). Retrieved March 22, 2008, from http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.spacefacts.de/more/astronauts/photo/resnik_judith_1.jpgimgrefurl=http://www.spacefacts.de/more/astronauts/page/resnik_judith.htmh=340w=269sz=38hl=enstart=5tbnid=gTLFWdX5O-erdM:tbnh=119tbnw=94prev=/images%3Fq%3Djudy%2Bresnik%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den. 11.   Eileen Collins. Embassy of France in the United States. (2008). 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Free Essays on Rocks And Sand

IMPORTANT THINGS IN LIFE A philosophy professor stood before his class with some items in front of him. When the class began, wordlessly he picked up a large empty mayonnaise jar and proceeded to fill it with rock, rock about 2" in diameter. He then asked the students if the jar was full? They agree that it was. So the professor then picked a box of pebbles and poured them into the jar. He shook the jar lightly. The pebbles, of course, rolled into the open areas between the rocks. He then asked the students again if the jar was full. They agreed it was. The students laughed. The professor picked up a box of sand and poured it into the jar. Of course, the sand filled up everything else. "Now," said the professor, "I want you to recognize that this is your life. The rocks are the important things - your family, your partner, your health, and your children- things that if everything else was lost and only they remained, your life would still be full. The pebbles are the other things that matter like your job, your house, and your car. The sand is everything else. The small stuff." "If you put the sand into the jar first, there is no room for the pebbles or the rocks. The same goes for your life. If you spend all your time and energy on the small stuff, you will never have room for the things that are important to you. Pay attention to the things that are critical to your happiness. Play with your children. Take time to get medical checkups. Take your partner out dancing. There will always be time to go to work, clean the house, give a dinner party and fix the disposal." "Take care of the rocks first - the things that really matter. Set your priorities. The rest is just sand."... Free Essays on Rocks And Sand Free Essays on Rocks And Sand IMPORTANT THINGS IN LIFE A philosophy professor stood before his class with some items in front of him. When the class began, wordlessly he picked up a large empty mayonnaise jar and proceeded to fill it with rock, rock about 2" in diameter. He then asked the students if the jar was full? They agree that it was. So the professor then picked a box of pebbles and poured them into the jar. He shook the jar lightly. The pebbles, of course, rolled into the open areas between the rocks. He then asked the students again if the jar was full. They agreed it was. The students laughed. The professor picked up a box of sand and poured it into the jar. Of course, the sand filled up everything else. "Now," said the professor, "I want you to recognize that this is your life. The rocks are the important things - your family, your partner, your health, and your children- things that if everything else was lost and only they remained, your life would still be full. The pebbles are the other things that matter like your job, your house, and your car. The sand is everything else. The small stuff." "If you put the sand into the jar first, there is no room for the pebbles or the rocks. The same goes for your life. If you spend all your time and energy on the small stuff, you will never have room for the things that are important to you. Pay attention to the things that are critical to your happiness. Play with your children. Take time to get medical checkups. Take your partner out dancing. There will always be time to go to work, clean the house, give a dinner party and fix the disposal." "Take care of the rocks first - the things that really matter. Set your priorities. The rest is just sand."...

Contemporary Issues in HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Contemporary Issues in HRM - Essay Example When this happens organizations remain satisfied with single-loop learning or adaptive learning but unless this is supported by double-loop learning or generative learning, no growth can take place. Organizational culture plays a vital role in organization learning towards improvement and growth. Organizations must provide an environment of empowerment, encouragement and flexibility for the individual employee to take risks and be creative. Failures too have to be celebrated. The environment should not stifle the employees. The organizational environment at Starbucks, the specialty coffee retailer, was looked into and it has been found that while they do encourage contributions from their employees, learning is stagnant. The workers are trained for 25 hours once they join but the same procedures and training is imparted. Growth and success of an organization is not measured by low staff turnover or high sales figures. Innovation and creativity ensures a long-term strategy whereas foc us on sales is a short-term strategy. While the origin of the company lies in cognitive learning but no further innovation has taken place. The company has not yet been able to find a solution to the single-use paper cups in which coffee is served to those who do not wish to consume coffee in-store. The company has not provided an environment in which employees can find ways to develop a solution. There is reliance on legislation and government support but learning has to come from within. The employees have stock options and which most exercise. Hence, they should also be responsible for finding a solution for the cups. This can come through when the organization engages in double-loop learning and when personal mastery and team work is applied as organizational discipline. Suggestions for improving the organizational learning have been provided. These include training the front-line staff in convincing the customers and making it mandatory for the corporate executives to serve one shift at the counter every now and then. It is expected that these suggestion would bring about a change in the learning environment. When managers started facing competitive pressures and declining productivity, the traditional management practices were threatened. While the situation warranted new strategies and structure, the traditional habits, norms and assumptions became hindering blocks (Senge & Sterman, 1992). Change in strategy must be preceded by change in thinking. Managers and academics then recognized organizational learning as a process that could change shared understandings, and as a key to competitive advantage. Organizational learning can enhance the competencies of both employees and entire organizations. Learning has also been recognized as a route to achieve competitive advantage (Chaston, Badger, Mangles & Sadler-Smith, 2001). This is the reason that there have been contributions on the subject from the perspectives of psychology, management science, strategic management, production management, sociology and cultural anthropology (Chaston, Badger & Sadler-Smith, 1999). However, while all agree that organizational learning is a good thing there is little consensus on what organizational learning really is (Teare & Pantin, 2003). Being a complex concept, there is yet no widely accepted definition of organizational le

Learning to Read and Write Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Learning to Read and Write - Essay Example This   paper outlines that at the initial stages, Mrs. Hugh taught Douglass how to read but she stopped once she took the same perception like her husband towards slavery. Despite at the initial stages encouraging Douglass to learn, she became one of the chief opposer of the idea and worked towards halting the process through any available means. Douglass would carry a book along with him and request the white children to help him read the book once he met them on the way as he run his daily errands. â€Å"The Columbian Orator,† a book Douglass acquired during the age of twelve years proved to be of great interest to him as he learnt a dialogue between a slave and his ,master where the slave managed to negotiate the terms of his working conditions having tried to escape for three times. From this paper it is clear that the book equally helps Douglass to learn about the travesty of slavery as well as loathing the master holds towards his slaves. Douglass is worried upon realizing the burden he carries after knowing how to read where while thinking about death as well as an abolitionist movement, he makes a decision to escape from the life of slavery but again believes he is too young for such. Consequently, Douglass figures another obstacle to his escape as he realizes that he had no writing skills that he feels he needs to learn in order to run away once he possesses the two concepts. Douglass takes some more years at his master’s place and continues with his goal towards learning how to write. After a number of years with the help of the white children, â€Å"finally succeeds in learning and writing.†   The journey towards Douglass achievement of learning and writing is therefore challenging and full of obstacles but he eventually achieves his goals despite taking a number of years where his eyes opens a lot.

The Value of University Education Research Paper

The Value of University Education - Research Paper Example Gradual developments in the field of educational grading and prescribed patterns of course designs in various trades evolved the institution of higher education centers called the universities. Presently, the academic sector of the entire globe is monitored by different universities according to the standards and expectations set by them. As the employment sector has grown enormously out of proportion with equal rise in merit expectations and with the conceptual development in business thoughts, employers have identified the need for acquiring high-end brains among the university graduates. Under the prevailing conditions in which successful university education is becoming the paramount demand for acquiring a position in better companies, a comparative study of the values of the two educational streams – university graduation and high school graduation – is necessary for better understanding the prospects of the students from either stream. Strength of University Gradu ation The prime edge of the university education is it adds value to the knowledge of individuals from the socio-ethical perspective beyond the limited time-bound courses most of the students learn for fixing their position in the job market. While studying in a university campus, the students get elaborate exposure to different cultural and ethnic groups. This exposure takes them to the heights where they shine in the glory of technical aspects of their educational trade with ethical concern and social responsibility. According to certain observations â€Å"university degrees provide students with the knowledge and skills that help make their lives meaningful and rewarding, and strengthen their contributions to society† (â€Å"Ensuring the values†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). A graduation from a reputed university doubtlessly guarantees all spheres of qualification for the student – spiritual strength, academic excellence, forbearance and sprit of competition, which eventually tur ns them fit for adapting to changing conditions of professional ambience. The spiritual merit of an individual plays a vital role in the formation of his successful personal life with capabilities to accept challenges and workout plans for action in a perfect way. From the academic point of view, students obtain grass-root level standard of knowledge with enough practical experiences and the element of group learning by studying in a university. The prospects of patience containing competitive spirit help students frame sufficient amount of self discipline which is a requirement for achieving higher targets. Moreover, a graduation from the university enables them to prepare themselves for better careers or for choosing higher education in various streams of excellence. The provision for graduate level expectations set by universities also helps students and educators estimate the desired standards of education students are expected to attain from their university graduation. This sy stematized training and evaluation pattern helps the hirers and policy makers in designing the courses according to the standards set for the academic as well as professional qualifications for separate careers. Benefits of university education – individuals and society The importance of higher education from a university is reflected in the field of modern business world. It also provides better living standards and stability of income for the successful candidate as the investors of business

Culture Diversity In Pakistan Cultural Studies Essay

Culture Diversity In Pakistan Cultural Studies Essay Pakistan is a country of over 165 million people with diverse social, ethnic, linguistic and cultural circumstances. The country came into existence after division of British Indian colony in 1947 on the basis of Islamic identity of people living in this region but different social and ethnic groups have maintained their distinct character. Mostly language is the basis of ethnicity in Pakistan. Punjabi is the predominant ethnic class which consists of 48% of Pakistans population. Sindhis form about 12%, Siriki (a variant of Punjabi) forms 10%, Urdu speaking (Urdu speaking population usually refers itself as Mohajirs as they migrated from India in 1947) 8%, Balochis 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1% and others 8%. 95% of Pakistans population is Muslim (75% Sunni Muslims and 20% Shia Muslims). Amongst the remaining 5% Christians are the biggest religious minority who are around 3% of the total population. Other religious groups include Hindus, Sikhs, and Ahmadis. Pakistan is predominantly a rural society where over 65.5% of population lives in the rural areas. Agriculture is the main employer of the labour force which employs over 43% of the work force. The culture and social norms of Pakistan are defined by the agrarian nature of society. The relations between men and women are dominated by the demands of agricultural sector and practices. Women in rural areas are economically more active as compared to their urban counterparts. 16.5% rural women are economically active as compared to 7.3% of the urban womenfolk. Women almost entirely manage the dairy and livestock sector in the rural areas of Pakistan. In rural Punjab the relations between men and women are more open as women play an important role in farming and without their help the farm productivity will drop significantly. Women go out of their homes to work as cotton pickers, fruit harvesters, and livestock farmers. Since men need womens help in agriculture sector therefore they have a greater liberty of movement. The relations between men and women are undergoing a change in rural Punjab after the return of migrant workers from Middle East who now insist on enforcing strict Wahabi edicts on sex segregation. This change is fuelling extremism as the economic hardships are increasing due to decrease in household incomes. Rural to urban migration, necessitated by growing poverty, has given rise to a number of female headed households which is a new phenomenon in rural areas of Punjab because traditionally women have always been treated as inferior to men and not involved in decision making. Muslims of Punjab are either converts from Hinduism or descendants of migrants from Central Asia who have lived with Hindus for centuries therefore the Hindu edict that guest is incarnation of god has a wide acceptability. Guest is treated with honour, respect and delight. Even strangers are offered food and shelter in times of need to please god with expectation that god will rewards with good harvest. Giving long term protection / shelter is generally not a part of culture in Punjab. Customs relating to marriage, death and festivals are heavily influences by Hindu traditions. A typical marriage, mourning or festival in Punjab is very similar to the corresponding Hindu occasion less the religious component, e.g. though a marriage ceremony has the same components but a Muslim marriage will have the Nikkah ceremony whereas Hindu marriage will have vows beside fire. ` Punjab has a culture of tolerance and friendship which is manifest by its sufi saints and poetry with message of universal love towards mankind irrespective of cast, religion and colour. The leading Punjabi sufi poets, such as Sultan Bahoo, Bulley Shah, Waris Shah and Mian Muhammad are all against the strict religious interpretation of Islam as propagated by Mullah. Punjab has historically been confronted with foreign invasions from North (Afghanistan and Central Asia) therefore they are quite open to foreigners and are very progressive in their cultural and social values. Urban Punjab is not much different from rural areas as most of the city dwellers are migrants from villages. Sindhis are the second biggest ethnic group in Pakistan after Punjabis. In terms of proximity to Hinduism they are even closer than Punjabis. A large number of Pakistani Hindus live in Sind province. Sindi culture is quite similar to Punjabis where they have great respect towards fellow human beings. Sindh also is the land of great mystics such as Sachal Sarmast, Shah Abdul Latheef Bhitai and Lal Shahbaz Qalandar. The predominant profession of rural Sindhi population is agriculture. However in contrast to Punjab Sindh has a large number of big landlords who own most of the cultivable land. Majority of people work as landless peasants on lands owned by big landlords. This has given rise to abuse of human rights at the hands of landlords and a culture of oppression of weaker segments of society. Women in Sindh work in the fields and tender animals like their Punjabi counterparts but are subject to more control by men. They are an object of male and tribal honour. Marriage by choice is still not an option for women whose nuptial affairs are settled by male members of the family. Honour killing, where women are killed for illicit relations with men, is often resorted to restore family and tribal honour. Sindhis are not as open to foreigners as Punjabis mainly due to limited interactions with foreign cultures. Despite being on the coastline of Arabian Sea, Sind has been invaded only once from the sea. (Arabs led by Muhammad Bin Qasim attacked Sindh in 712 AD). Modern day Sindh has strong undercurrents of movement of emancipation from the clutches of landlords. The occasional violence seen in Sindh is against the existing distribution of resources. Sindh is safe from the ongoing wave of extremism in Pakistan mainly due to liberal religious views of majority population. The tolerance and harmony that Muslims and Non Muslims enjoy in Sind is not seen elsewhere in Pakistan. Major Urban centres in Sind are dominated by the Urdu speaking migrants from India. These are the people who migrated from areas presently in India at the time of partition in 1947. They were the most advanced segment of Pakistani society at the time. They made Karachi (the capital of Pakistan before it was shifted to Islamabad) as their new home. Due to their acumen in trade and business Karachi became the financial capital of Pakistan. Mohajirs are the most liberal community in Pakistan. Their women folk are the most liberated women in Pakistan. They work in offices, hold executive positions in businesses and banks. Mohajir women are in front ranks of all walks of life including politics, senior management and community service. Mohajirs are represented by their own political party (MQM Mohajir Qaumi Movement) which is a middle class based political party and has introduced new middle class leadership in Pakistan. Urdu that is the language of Mohajirs is the national language of Pakistan. The word Urdu literally means the camp language because it was developed in the military camps of Mughal kings of India. Urdu has long been associated with Muslims of India. Despite being the language of a small minority it was declared the National language of Pakistan. This decision caused the first language riots in Pakistan in 1948 in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). Despite this Urdu remains the National Language of Pakistan and is spoken in most households who are aspiring upward social mobility. Mohajirs consider themselves culturally articulate and have business relations across the world. They are open, frank and friendly towards foreigners. Their social occasions such as marriages and deaths etc are similar to the practices followed elsewhere in Pakistan but are less ostentatious in showing their wealth. The most significant thing that a new visitor to Mohajir area will note is their habit of chewing beetle leaves. Beetle leaves are seasoned with chemicals, colour and spices to chew. The red residue is then spitted in open areas and often walls and streets of Karachi are red with this waste. Pushtuns living in the Khyber Pukhtunkhwa (formerly known as the North Western Frontier Province) province trace their roots to Afghanistan. The Pushtuns are bound by their tribal code known as the Pushtun Wali (literally meaning the Pushtun way of life). Pushtun Wali has nine major components i.e. courage, taking revenge, giving shelter, generosity to defeated, self respect, justice, hospitality, tolerance and loyalty. The capital of Pushtuns of Pakistan, Peshawar is the melting pot of many cultures and civilizations. Peshawar is a city that represents Indian, Afghan, Central Asian and British civilizations at the same time. Pushtuns have produced great poets and mystics like Rahman Baba, Khushaal Khan Khattak and Pir Baba, who have all propagated the message of eternal love and adherence to Pushtun ways of life. Pushtuns are most affected by the rise of extremism in recent years. Peshawar is the centre of global war on terrorism. Thousands of Pushtuns have lost their lives in the war on either side of the extremist divide. Pushtun women observe the most extreme form of sex segregation. Women are often not allowed in public life and those who move outside their homes are covered from head to toe. Women have limited role in agricultural activities. Their role is limited to work inside their homes. However the export of labour to Middle Eastern countries in the 70s compelled men to move out of their villages and many functions previously performed exclusively by men are now being performed by women. Pushtun women become more influential and independent as they grow older. Pushtun way of dispute resolution is through a consultative process known as Jirga. Influential people of the community sit in this jirga and decide on the disputes. Often people with wealth, education and experience are all represented in a jirga. One can qualify to sit in jirga either by virtue of age, wealth or education hence this aspect of Pushtun life is quite democratic. Baluchs live in the Baluchistan province of Pakistan. They have a nomadic culture as barring a few places Baluchistan is a barren area. Water is scarce and the only means of sustenance is sheep and camel raring. Women and men work alike with herds of sheep and goat. The area of Baluchs is scarcely populated and they live in small settlements in primitive conditions. The Baluchs, like Pushtuns are proud people who guard their independence jealously. They fought valiantly against the expansion of British Empire however the British ruled Baluchistan through a series of treaties with local rulers. Baluchs also resolve their disputes through the jirga mechanism but the Baluch jirga is less representative in its constitution as mostly people sit on these jirgas as representatives of their families. The Baluch society is essentially tribal in nature and every tribe is headed by a Chief. The position of chiefs is hereditary. The tribal chief or Sardar as he is known has control over the resources of his tribe. Women are economically active but their contribution is not recognized. They do not participate in decision making at the household level. Family and tribal honour is associated with women and any woman who violates the tribal code is punished with death. Seraiki speaking people are scattered on the border areas of Punjab, Sindh and Kyber Pukhtoonkwa provinces. They have a tradition of Sufism and are liberal in their social life. These areas are resource rich but most of the land is owned by big landlords in these areas. The southern parts of Punjab that are inhabited by the Seraiki people, produces Pakistans best mangoes and cotton but the life of ordinary person is difficult. Due to economic hardships that ordinary people face, the women are economically active and contribute to the household incomes through their work as farm labour and cattle farmers. However like other areas of Pakistan their contribution is hardly acknowledged and they do not have a place in decision making at the household level.